Air pollution has emerged as one of the most pressing environmental health risks globally, with adverse implications for human longevity. This study presents a comprehensive comparative analysis of the impact of deteriorating air quality on human life expectancy across urban and rural regions. The objective is to assess how spatial disparities in pollutant exposure—particularly concerning PM2.5, PM10, and other airborne toxins—correlate with variations in average life spans. Utilizing a multi-source dataset comprising satellite-based aerosol data, ground-based air quality monitoring records, and demographic health statistics, we conducted a region-wise evaluation of pollution-induced health deterioration. Regression analysis, correlation models, and comparative visualization techniques were employed to quantify the extent to which air quality degradation influences mortality rates in different settings. Our findings reveal a significant disparity: while urban centers experience higher pollutant concentrations due to industrialization and vehicular emissions, rural areas suffer from prolonged exposure to biomass combustion and limited healthcare access, leading to underreported yet serious health consequences. Notably, the decline in life expectancy attributed to poor air quality shows a measurable pattern in both demographics, albeit through different environmental and socioeconomic pathways. The study highlights the urgent need for tailored air quality management policies that address region-specific risk factors and promote equitable health interventions. The comparative approach enriches existing literature by emphasizing that the impact of air pollution is not solely an urban phenomenon but a pervasive national challenge. This research lays the foundation for future exploration into localized mitigation strategies and real-time air quality-health monitoring systems.

Keywords: Air Quality, Life Expectancy, PM2.5, Urban vs. Rural, Public Health, Environmental Risk, Mortality, Pollution